Cosmetic
surgery is a specialty that uses a
number of surgical and nonsurgical techniques
to change the appearance and function
of a person's body.[1] Some of these operations
are performed for cosmetic enhancements,
and others are purely reconstructive surgeries.
Most procedures involve elements of both
the aesthetic and functional.
The word "plastic" derives from
the Greek plastikos meaning to mold or
to shape; its use here is not connected
with the synthetic polymer material known
as plastic. Cosmetic
surgery
o Tissue may be moved to fill a depression,
to cover a wound, or to improve appearance.
o Tissue may be completely removed
to alter the contours of a feature.
Benefits of Cosmetic
surgery
• The correction of a congenital
or acquired deformity.
• The correction of a perceived
physical imperfection.
• Possible social benefits.
• Psychological benefits.
Common reconstructive surgerical procedures
are: breast reconstruction for women who
have had a mastectomy, cleft lip and palate
surgery, Cosmetic
surgery contracture surgery for burn
survivors (Stress ulcers (Curling's ulcer);
one of the complication of severe burns.[1]
[2]) , and closing skin and mucosa defects
after removal of tumors in the head and
neck region.
Plastic surgeons developed the use of
microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage
of a defect when no local tissue is available.
Tissue flaps comprised of skin, Cosmetic
surgery muscle, bone, fat or a combination,
may be removed from the body, moved to
another site on the body and reconnected
to a blood supply by suturing arteries
and veins as small as 1-2 mm in diameter.
Common procedures
In Cosmetic
surgery the transfer of skin tissue
(skin grafting) is one of the most common
procedures. (Traditionally in surgery
“Graft” is a piece of living
tissue, organ, etc., transplanted surgically)
Grafts
Autografts: Skin
grafts taken from the recipient.
o If absent or deficient of natural
tissue, alternatives can be:
Cultured Sheets
of epithelial cells in vitro.
Synthetic compounds
(i.e. silicone).
Allografts: Skin grafts taken from
a donor of the same species.
Xenografts: Skin grafts taken from a
donor of a different species.
Micro Surgery
Extremely fine needles and sutures make
it possible to rejoin small blood vessels
and other minute structures under an Cosmetic
surgery operating microscope.
Usually, the good results are expected if
Cosmetic
surgery is performed by:
• Careful planning of incisions
so that they fall in the line of natural
skin folds or lines.
• Appropriate choice of wound closure.
• Use of best available suture materials.
• Early removal of exposed sutures
so that the wound is held closed by buried
sutures.
Cosmetic surgery is a very popular form
of surgery; as an example, the American
Society of Plastic Surgeons reported that
in 2006 nearly 11 million Cosmetic
surgery plastic surgeries were performed
in the United States alone.[2]
Within the U.S,. critics of Cosmetic
surgery note that it is legal for any
doctor, regardless of speciality, to perform
Cosmetic
surgery. It is thus important to distinguish
the terms "cosmetic surgery" and
"cosmetic surgery": Cosmetic
surgery is recognized by the American
Board of Medical Specialties as the subspecialty
dedicated to the surgical repair of defects
of form or function -- this includes cosmetic
(or aesthetic) surgery, as well as reconstructive
surgery. The term "Cosmetic
surgery" however, refers to surgery
that is designed to improve Cosmetic
surgery, or appearance. In several countries
including Australia, many doctors who are
not qualified as surgeons also perform Cosmetic
surgery procedures.[3]
The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures
are listed below. Most of these types of
surgery are more commonly known by their
"common names." These are also
listed when pertinent.
• Abdominoplasty (or "tummy
tuck"): reshaping and firming of
the abdomen Cosmetic
surgery
• Blepharoplasty (or "eyelid
surgery"): Reshaping of the eyelids
or the application of permanent eyeliner,
including Asian blepharoplasty
• Augmentation Mammaplasty/breast
augmentation (or "breast enlargement"
or "boob job"): Augmentation
of the breasts. This can involve either
saline or silicone gel prosthetics. Cosmetic
surgery
• Buttock Augmentation (or "butt
augmentation" or "butt implants"):
Enhancement of the buttocks. This procedure
can be performed by using silicone implants
or fat grafting and transfer from other
areas of the body.
• Chemical peel: Minimizing the
appearance of acne, pock, and other scars
as well as wrinkles (depending on concentration
and type of agent used, Cosmetic
surgery except for deep furrows),
solar lentigines (age spots, freckles),
and photodamage in general. Chemical peels
commonly involve carbolic acid (Phenol),
trichloroacetic acid (TCA), glycolic acid
(AHA), or salicylic acid (BHA) as the
active agent.
• Mastopexy (or "breast lift"):
Raising or reshaping of breasts Cosmetic
surgery
• Labiaplasty: Surgical reduction
and reshaping of the labia
• Rhinoplasty (or "nose job"):
Reshaping of the nose
• Otoplasty (or ear surgery): Reshaping
of the ear
• Rhytidectomy (or "face lift"):
Removal of wrinkles and signs of aging
from the face
• Suction-Assisted Lipectomy (or
liposuction): Removal of fat from the
body
• Chin augmentation: Augmentation
of the chin with an implant (e.g. silicone)
or by sliding genioplasty of the jawbone.
Cosmetic
surgery
• Cheek augmentation
• Collagen, fat, and other tissue
filler injections (eg hyaluronic acid)
• Laser skin resurfacing Cosmetic
surgery
• Injection of dermal fillers (collagen,
hyaluronic acid, fat, and others
History
The history of Cosmetic
surgery reaches back to the 700's BCE.
Physicians in ancient India including Sushruta
were utilizing skin grafts for reconstructive
work as early as the 8th century BC. His
work Sushruta Samhita describes rhinoplasty
and otoplasty. This knowledge of cosmetic
surgery existed in India up to the late
18th century as can be seen from the reports
published in Gentleman's Magazine (October
1794).[4][5] Cosmetic
surgery
The Romans were able to perform simple techniques
such as repairing damag
